The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize the bacteriophages that infect escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, and enterobacter species. Common characteristics of family enterobacteriaceae are. Ctxms have been identified in eskape pathogens including k. Enterobacter is a versatile bacterium able to promptly respond to the antibiotic treatment in the colonized patient. Results also indicated that enterobacter mori and enterobacter sp. Enterobacter definition of enterobacter by medical dictionary. It was first proposed by rahn in 1936, and now includes over 30 genera and more than 100 species. Pdf identification and phylogeny of enterobacter sakazakii. Aranicola averyella grimontella guhaiyinggella margalefia phytobacter plesiomonas tiedjeia. Enterobacter aerogenes causes disease in humans through.
Enterobacter aerogenes is frequently a hospitalacquired infection, especially of patients in the intensivecare unit or on mechanical ventilators. Pdf antibiotic exposure and resistance development in. Frequency of isolation of enterobacter species from a variety. An outbreak of enterobacter cloacaeinfections with variable susceptibility to fluoroquinolones occurred in the university medical center utrecht in the netherlands in 2002. Large family of gramnegative bacteria that includes many of the more familiar pathogens, such as salmonella, escherichia coli, yersinia pestis, klebsiella and shigella. Because of the large number of species involved, this nsm will concentrate on the most common genera and species isolated from clinical specimens. Bacteriophages are considered an effective alternative for the treatment of bacterial infections. They are frequently a cause of nosocomial infections.
Pdf the phylogenetic relationships of enterobacter sakazakii strains were investigated. All enterobacter species are found in water, sewage, soil, and vegetables. Cronobacter sakazakii, which before 2007 was named enterobacter sakazakii, is an opportunistic gramnegative, rodshaped, pathogenic bacterium that can live in very dry places. Several species have been isolated from urine, sputum and the respiratory tract, pus, and occasionally from blood or spinal fluid. Klebsiella species and enterobacter species klebsiella is a genus of enterobacteriaceae that has emerged as a significant nosocomial pathogen in neonates. Comparative genome analysis of enterobacter cloacae plos. In a recent population genetic study, two genetic clusters were found in close phylogenetic proximity to the genetic cluster of e. Review the relevant package insert for additional prescribing information.
In this study the taxonomic relationship of strains described as e. Therapeutic characterization and efficacy of bacteriophage cocktails infecting escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, and enterobacter species article pdf available in frontiers in. After growth in blood or on agar plates has been confirmed, the bacterial colonies are identified through various, usually automated, methods. Louis, missouri, washington university school of medicine, st. Multidrug resistant enterobacter bugandensis species isolated from. Enterobacter aerogenes has recently been moved back to the klebsiella genus, and is now named klebsiella aerogenes. Its classification above the level of family is still a subject of debate, but one classification places it in the order enterobacterales of the class gammaproteobacteria in the phylum proteobacteria. Several strains of these bacteria are pathogenic and cause opportunistic infections in immunocompromised usually hospitalized hosts and in those who are on mechanical ventilation. It harbored a highmolecularweight plasmid and was resistant to high concentrations of parabens. Most individuals who develop an infection have an existing medical condition that makes it easier for the bacteria to grow and spread. Strain em was able to grow in liquid media containing similar amounts of parabens as found in the mineral supplement 1,700 and. Our investigation showed that a qnra1 gene was present in 78 94% of 83 outbreak isolates and that a.
Infections with klebsiella, enterobacter, and serratia are often hospitalacquired and occur mainly in patients with diminished resistance. Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in eskape pathogens. Enterobacter species grow rapidly on selective ie, macconkey and nonselective ie, sheep blood agars. Cover different classification schemes for grouping bacteria, especially the use of the gram stain 2. Enterobacter description, characteristics, species. Hydrolysis of 4hydroxybenzoic acid esters parabens and. Enterobacter cloacae outbreak and emergence of quinolone. To determine the frequency of occurrence of enterobacter species and their antibiogram from. Enterobacter is the genus name of a group of bacteria consisting of between 12 and 14 species that are known to potentially cause disease in humans, although other enterobacter species sp certainly exist in the environment without causing any known infections in any other organism. Identification and phylogeny of enterobacter sakazakii relative to. In the laboratory, growth of enterobacter isolates is expected to be detectable in 24 hours or less. Enterobacter cloacaeoutbreak and emergence of quinolone. The phylogenetic relationships of enterobacter sakazakii strains were. Among them, enterobacter cloacae and enterobacter aerogenes are the most frequently isolated species, causing infections in hospitalized and debilitated patients 10, 29.
Enterobacter hormaechei, a new species of the family. Enterobacter aerogenes is an opportunistic pathogen. Enterobacter are gramnegative bacteria that are classified as facultative anaerobes, which means that they are able to thrive in both aerobic and anaerobic environments. The incidence of infection in the hospital and the community has increased.
Particular distribution of enterobacter cloacae strains. The name enterobacter hormaechei is proposed for a new species of the family enterobacteriaceae, formerly called enteric group 75, which consists of 23 strains, 22 of which were isolated from humans. Nutritional requirement of enterobacter cloacae for biodegradation of hydrocarbons essam f. It is the type genus of the order enterobacterales. Our investigation showed that a qnra1 gene was present in 78 94% of 83 outbreak isolates and that a qnra1encoding plasmid transferred to other strains of the.
Acute bacterial prostatitis is an acute infection of the prostate gland that causes pelvic pain and urinary tract symp toms, such as dysuria, urinary frequency, and urinary retention, and may. The genus enterobacter is a member of the eskape group, which contains the major resistant bacterial pathogens. Enterobacter species are facultative anaerobic, gramstainnegative. These three bacteria can cause a wide variety of infections, including bacteremia, surgical site infections, intravascular catheter infections, and respiratory or urinary tract infections that manifest as pneumonia, cystitis, or pyelonephritis and that may. Manual sequence correction and phylogenetic anal ysis were performed in. Enterobacter is a genus of common gramnegative, facultatively anaerobic, rodshaped, nonsporeforming bacteria of the family enterobacteriaceae. Enterobacter cloacae, the type species of enterobacter, is a prevalent nosocomial pathogen due to highlevel resistance to disinfectants and antimicrobial agents. Enterobacter spp update on taxonomy, clinical aspects. The genes coding for tem and shv enzymes have quite high mutation rates, resulting in a high level of diversity in enzyme types and thus increasing the scope of antibiotic resistance. Pdf enterobacter aerogenes and enterobacter cloacae.
Pcr assays for the detection and identification of enterobacter spp. Neighbor joining tree after analyzing 545 nucleotides of the rpob gene and strains of the. Enterobacter aerogenes, a component of the normal flora of the human gastrointestinal tract, is a significant nosocomial pathogen and a common cause of iatrogenic bacteremia hidron et al. Hospital mortality for bloodstream infections caused by enterobacter species or citrobacter freundii eli n. An outbreak of enterobacter cloacae infections with variable susceptibility to fluoroquinolones occurred in the university medical center utrecht in the netherlands in 2002. Enterobacter spp pathogens poised to flourish at the turn. Knowledge of the genus enterobacter and its role in human disease has expanded exponentially in recent years. Lactamresistant enterobacter bacteremia in febrile.
Enterobacter cloacae is a gramnegative and a rodshaped bacterium. Enterobacter species can be isolated by plating into macconkey agar, eosin methylene blue agar or blood agar6. Dna hybridization analyses and biochemical analyses provided further evidence that the novel strains belong to two new species within the genus enterobacter. The enterobacter cloacae species includes an extremely diverse group of. Many of the traditional or familiar bacteria are found in this family e. Cronobacter species isolation in two infants new mexico, 2008.
Molecular epidemiological study of nosocomial enterobacter. Enterobacter species can be isolated by plating into macconkey agar, eosin methylene blue agar or blood agar. The aim of this study was to determine the relevance between phylogenetically related. Since 1958, 120 cases of cronobacter infection in infants have been reported, an average of fewer than three cases per year worldwide. It has been isolated from environmental samples and clinical specimens and is likely to cause sepsis and urinary tract infections 5, 23. Bacteremia with resistant enterobacter species has been reported in febrile, neutropenic cancer patients receiving. Enterobacter aerogenes and other species of enterobacteriaceae are easy to identify using the api20e test kit. This bacterium is commonly found is a hospital setting where patients have compromised immune systems. A further, widely distributed enterobacter species is e. However, it may be an opportunistic pathogen and has an increasing importance in hospitalacquired infections. Enterobacter taylorae, described in 1985 by farmer et al. Pdf multidrug resistant enterobacter bugandensis species.
Nitrofurantoin is not indicated for the treatment of pyelonephritis or perinephric abscesses. Enterobacteriaceae empiric drug regimens listed for the various bacterial strains are for adult patients with normal renal function. Enterobacter sakazakii is a motile, gramnegative, nonsporeforming, rodshaped bacterium, that has been found in infant formulas as a contaminant. However, some species of enterobacter, such as enterobacter sakazakii, are opportunistic human pathogens. Nitrofurantoins lack the broader tissue distribution of other therapeutic agents approved for urinary tract infections. Enterobacter huaxiensis and enterobacter chuandaensis are two recently discovered species that exhibit especially antibiotic resistant characteristics. Enterobacter strains 090008t and 090028t were recovered from the blood of two different patients at west china hospital, chengdu, pr china in 2017. Jul 10, 2011 enterobacter an emerging nosocomial infection slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Consequently, details on the patient history and physical examination findings for each infected body compartment are not provided in this article, with the exception of lower respiratory tract infections and bacteremia. The test consists of inoculating a pure bacterial suspension into the test wells and reading the color reactions that. Enterobacteriaceae is a large family of gramnegative bacteria. Jun 18, 2019 in the laboratory, growth of enterobacter isolates is expected to be detectable in 24 hours or less. These three bacteria can cause a wide variety of infections, including bacteremia, surgical site infections, intravascular catheter infections, and respiratory or urinary tract infections that manifest as pneumonia, cystitis, or pyelonephritis and that may progress to lung abscess, empyema, bacteremia, and sepsis, as in the following.
Enterobacter species is a topic covered in the johns hopkins abx guide to view the entire topic, please sign in or purchase a subscription official website of the johns hopkins antibiotic abx, hiv, diabetes, and psychiatry guides, powered by unbound medicine. Organisms capable of producing the enzymes betalactamase and carbapenemase include. Enterobacter spp ranking sixth was responsible for 4. Cronobacter sakazakii, cronobacter malonaticus, cronobacter muytjensii, cronobacter turicensis, cronobacter dublinensis, cronobacter universalis and cronobacter condimenti. Enterobacter hormaechei, a new species of the family enterobacteriaceae formerly known as enteric group 75. Bsci 424 pathogenic microbiology enterobacteriaceae. Complete genome sequence of enterobacter cloacae subsp. Enterobacter species were the secondmostcommon gramnegative organism behind pseudomonas aeruginosa. Enterobacter cloacae is a ubiquitous gramnegative, fac. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. How to identify enterobacter aerogenes api 20e sciencing.
A new species, enterobacter pyrinus, which was isolated from brown leaf spot lesions on pear trees, is described on the basis of the characteristics of seven strains. The identification of enterobacteriaceae can be simplified by taking advantage of the fact that three species comprise 80 to 95% of all isolates in the clinical setting. Bacterial classification, structure and function introduction the purpose of this lecture is to introduce you to terminology used in microbiology. They first achieved wide notoriety as pathogens in 1976 following a nationwide outbreak of septicemia in 378 patients at 25 hospitals resulting from contaminated.
Family enterobacteriaceae clinically important enterics citrobacter citrobacter freundii citrobacter diversus enterobacter spp. Species of the enterobacter cloacae complex are widely encountered in nature, but they can act as pathogens. Escherichia, shigella, salmonella, enterobacter, proteus, yersinia etc. More than 95% of clinically significant strains fall into 10 genera and less than 25 species. Johann pitout as far as human pathogens go, there are two species of enterobacter species that are the most clinically relevant enterobacter aerogenes and enterobacter cloacae complex. When the species was defined in 1980, 15 biogroups were described and it was suggested that these could represent multiple species.
While every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and uptodate information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. Frontiers therapeutic characterization and efficacy of. Enterobacter, genus enterobacter, any of a group of rodshaped bacteria of the family enterobacteriaceae. Our investigation showed that a qnra1 gene was present in 78 94% of 83 outbreak isolates and that a qnra1encoding plasmid transferred to other strains of the same. The genus cronobacter consists of a diverse group of gramnegative bacilli and comprises seven species. Enterobacter species are biochemically similar to klebsiella, but unlike klebsiella, enterobacter is ornithine positive. Genomic epidemiology of global carbapenemaseproducing. C m ohara, a g steigerwalt, b c hill, j j farmer, 3rd, g r fanning, and d j brenner.
We quantified the association between antibiotic exposure and acquisition of antibiotic resistance in pseudomonas aeruginosa and enterobacter species in intensive care unit patients. Enterobacter aerogenes is often spread by crosscontamination from surgery or consistant treatment in hospitals for patients who use catheters. Today, 22 species belong to the enterobacter genus. Enterobacterales wikispecies wikispecies, free species. Budviciaceae enterobacteriaceae erwiniaceae hafniaceae morganellaceae pectobacteriaceae thorselliaceae yersiniaceae genera incertae sedis. It comes from the family called enterobacteriaceae. Enterobacter aerogenes cuverro antimicrobial copper surfaces. Al wahab university of baghdadinstitute of biotechnology and genetic engineering for post graduate students biotechnology dep. All diagnostic methods are not necessarily available in all countries. Its role as an enteric pathogen has not been demonstrated. Enterobacter can be found on human skin and plants as well as in soil, water, sewage, intestinal tracts of humans and animals, and some dairy products health canada. The microbiologic culture monitoring system of sterile body fluids revealed on an episode of enterobacter cloacae and enterobacter amnigenus in blood culture results on the same day.
Six species and six additional genovars are combined within the socalled enterobacter cloacae complex, with one of them being the species enterobacter hormaechei. The dna relatedness of nine strains of nih group 42 to the proposed type strain of this species averaged 85% at 70c, whereas the relatedness to other species within the. The neighborjoining phylogenetic analysis was performed using the. Similarly, the report byfleming and associates 15, that klebsiella species are sensitive tocephalothin butaerobacter enterobacter species are not because of the production of a cephalosporinase bythelatter, suggests that it is important for the clinical laboratory to provide. Apr 17, 2007 enterobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause infections such as necrotizing enterocolitis, bacteraemia, meningitis and brain abscesslesions.
Yersinia enterocolitica is a species of gramnegative coccobacillusshaped bacterium, belonging to the family enterobacteriaceae. Because of the germs emerging multidrug resistance and prevalence in nosocomial infections, it has been grouped as an eskape pathogen enterococcus, stapylococcus, klebsiella, acinetobacter, pseudomonas, and enterobacter species. In order to prove the hypothesis that these three genetic clusters belong to the same. Aug 23, 2016 enterobacter is a genus of the family enterobacteriaceae, consisting of common gramnegative, facultative anaerobic, rodshaped, nonsporeforming bacteria.
These bacteria are gramnegative, facultatively anaerobic, straight rods 0. Enterobacter species infectious disease and antimicrobial. Enterobacter cloacae strain em was isolated from a commercial dietary mineral supplement stabilized by a mixture of methylparaben and propylparaben. The clinical significance of the enterobacter nimipressuralis as human pathogens remains unclear. Frequency of isolation of enterobacter species from a variety of clinical specimens in a teaching hospital in nigeria raphael m mordi and peter g hugbo microbiology department, western delta university, oghara, delta state, nigeria. Infections due to antibiotic resistant bacteria are increasing globally and this needs immediate attention. Enterobacter cloacae is the most frequently isolated enterobacter species from humans and animals. Enterobacter species are motile aerobic gram negative bacilli belonging to the family enterobacteriaceae. By 16srrnagene sequencing in basrah provinceiraq prof. First described in 1960, this group member has proven to be more complex as a result of the exponential evolution of phenotypic and genotypic methods. Table 1 lists the cre bacteria that have been isolated. Enterobacter cloacae an overview sciencedirect topics.
The genus enterobacter is one of the members of the family enterobacteriaceae and consists of species. Pdf background the antimicrobial resistance amr phenotypic properties, multiple drug resistance. However, the history of some species now placed in the genus enterobacter can be traced, albeit with some confusion, to the end of the 19th century. The species most commonly causing bacteremia was e. Identification and phylogeny of enterobacter sakazakii relative to enterobacter and.
Consequently, many patients who are treated with furadantin are. Cronobacter are regarded as opportunistic pathogens, and have been implicated in newborn and infant infections. Pdf zusammenfugen pdfdateien online kostenlos zu kombinieren. The majority of cronobacter sakazakii cases are adults but lowbirthweight preterm neonatal and older infants are highest at risk. Multidrug resistant enterobacter bugandensis species isolated from the international. Based on biochemical properties, enterobacter cloacae represents a large complex of at least variant species, subspecies, and genotypes that progressively identified as the most species causing hospitalacquired infections. Jun 18, 2019 enterobacter infections do not produce a unique enough clinical presentation to differentiate them clinically from other acute bacterial infections. Enterobacter aerogenes is nosocomial, meaning it is contracted by treatment in a hospital and that healthy people are typically not at risk for infection. Members of this species are gramnegative, motile rods conforming to the definition of the family enterobacteriaceae. Enterobacteriaceae family contains a large number of genera that are biochemically and genetically related to one another. University 2 department of biology, college of science, university of basrah,iraq.
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